What Are DIN 44081 and DIN 44082 Standards? DIN 44081 and DIN 44082 are German industrial standards defining PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) thermistor specifications for motor overload protection, established by Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) in 1980 and 1985 respectively. DIN 44081 covers single-element sensors with cold resistance of 30-250Ω at 25°C, while DIN 44082 specifies triple-element sensors for three-phase motors with standardized color coding from 60°C to 180°C. Both standards mandate critical resistance thresholds: <550Ω at TROT-5K, >1,330Ω at TROT+5K, and >4,000Ω at TROT+15K. As of 2020, both standards have been consolidated into DIN VDE V 0898-1-401:2020-03, aligned with international equivalent IEC 60738-1. The Critical Knowledge Gap However, 90% of engineers overlook why the ROT±5K and ROT±15K temperature points are critical — they stem directly from the Curie temperature physics of BaTiO₃ (barium titanate) ceramic. More critically, using a standard multimeter with >10mA test current creates self-heating errors that elevate resistance readings by 30-50Ω, making measurements unreliable for DIN compliance verification. This guide covers the 4-step DIN-compliant test procedure, complete color code matrix (60°C-180°C), protection relay compatibility, and application guidance for EV traction motors, refrigeration compressors, and industrial equipment. Standard Evolution and International Alignment Historical Timeline 1980 - DIN 44081:1980-06 published for single-element PTC thermistors in motor windings 1985 - DIN 44082:1985-06 introduced triple-element configuration with standardized color coding 2016 - DIN VDE V 0898-1-401:2016-03 consolidated both standards 2020 - Current version DIN VDE V 0898-1-401:2020-03 published with minor test clarifications Why Triple-Element Design Matters DIN 44082 addresses a critical reality: three-phase motors frequently experience load imbalances causing one phase to overheat while others remain normal. The series connection of three sensors (one per U/V/W phase) ensures any single phase reaching trip temperature triggers protection, preventing winding burnout and fire hazards. International Standard Equivalents Standard Region Key Differences IEC 60738-1:2022 International Identical R-T requirements; enables dual DIN/IEC certification IEC 60034-11-2:2010 International Mandates triple-element sensors for motors ≥5kW continuous duty EN 60738-1 European Union Harmonized EU version; ensures CE compliance UL 1434 North America Slightly different thresholds (<800Ω cold, >3,000Ω hot); similar test principles DIN 44081 vs DIN 44082 Quick Comparison Parameter DIN 44081 (Single) DIN 44082 (Triple) Configuration 1 PTC element 3 PTC elements in series Cold Resistance (25°C) 30-250Ω 90-750Ω (3× single) Target Application Single-phase motors, DC motors, <1kW Three-phase AC motors, >5kW industrial Color Coding Not standardized Standardized for 60-180°C Protection Philosophy Sing...

Does your BMS need the simplicity of digital or the speed of analog? In the high-stakes world of Battery Management Systems (BMS), choosing the wrong temperature sensor isn't just an inconvenience—it's a safety risk. This guide definitively compares the Maxim DS18B20 (Digital) against standard 10kΩ NTC Thermistors (Analog) to help you decide which is right for your specific EV or energy storage project. The Quick Verdict: Which One Should You Choose? If you are in a rush, here is the immediate answer based on your specific use case. The "best" sensor depends entirely on whether you are building a mass-production vehicle or a DIY prototype. For Mass Production EVs & ISO 26262 Safety Winner: NTC Thermistor (e.g., Focusens MFP-2 Series) Why: They are passive, fail-safe, and offer instant response times (<100ms) crucial for detecting thermal runaway. They are the industry standard for OEMs (Tesla, BYD, VW) due to low cost at scale and AEC-Q200 compliance. Recommended: Focusens Surface Mount NTCs for robust battery pack contact. For DIY Powerwalls, E-Bikes & Prototypes Winner: DS18B20 (Digital) Why: Unbeatable ease of use. You can daisy-chain 50+ sensors on just 3 wires using the 1-Wire bus. It requires no complex ADC calibration, making it perfect for Arduino/ESP32 based systems where wiring simplicity > microsecond reaction speed. Recommended: Focusens Waterproof Tubular DS18B20 for easy installation. NTC Thermistor vs DS18B20 Digital Sensor Comparison Fig 1. Focusens NTC Thermistor (Left) vs. Waterproof DS18B20 Probe (Right) Why Trust This Comparison (E-E-A-T) I am an embedded systems engineer specializing in battery monitoring solutions. This comparison is supported by data from leading sensor manufacturers like Focus Sensing and Control Technology (Focusens), an ISO-certified factory specializing in both automotive-grade NTCs and digital sensing solutions. This comparison is based on: Datasheet Analysis: Maxim Integrated (DS18B20) vs. Focusens Automotive NTCs. Real-world Testing: Stress testing sensor latency during rapid thermal events. Architecture Constraints: Evaluating microprocessor load (ADC vs. Digital Bus). At a Glance: Technical Specs Showdown This table highlights why these two sensors serve different masters. Feature DS18B20 (Digital) NTC Thermistor (Analog) Winner for EV BMS Interface 1-Wire Digital (Serial) Analog Voltage (ADC req.) DS18B20 (Simplicity) Response Time Slow (Max 750ms @ 12-bit) Fast (Instant/Thermal constant) NTC (Critical Safety) Accuracy ±0.5°C (Factory Calibrated) Varies (Need Calibration) DS18B20 (Out of Box) Wiring Daisy Chain (Parallel) Individual/Matrix (Star) DS18B20 Cost (Volume) High ($1.00+) Extremely Low ($0.05) NTC Customization Standard Probes Highly Customizable (Lugs, Threads) NTC (Focusens Specialty) Round 1: Response Time & Safety (The Critical Factor) In an Electric Vehicle, the BMS has one primary job: Prevent Thermal Runaway. The NTC Advantage An NTC (Negative Temperature Coeffic...

Quick Answer: A thermistor is a temperature-sensitive resistor whose electrical resistance changes predictably as temperature varies—with 3-5% sensitivity per degree Celsius, making it 10× more responsive than RTDs for precision measurement. What Is a Thermistor?  The Essential Definition A thermistor (thermal + resistor) is a passive semiconductor component whose electrical resistance varies significantly and predictably with temperature changes. Unlike standard fixed-value resistors, thermistors exhibit resistance changes of 3-5% per degree Celsius—making them 10 times more sensitive than RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) for precision temperature measurement and control.

Hefei, China – January 2, 2026 – Focus Sensing and Control Technology Co., Ltd. (Focusens), a leading ISO-certified manufacturer of temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and level sensors, has successfully completed its comprehensive annual inventory audit during the final weekend of 2025. This strategic operation marks a pivotal step toward enhanced operational efficiency as the company prepares to launch an advanced production management system in early 2026. Strategic Timing: Customer-First Approach During Holiday Season The inventory audit, conducted December 27-28, 2025, was strategically scheduled during the Christmas and New Year holiday weekend to minimize disruption to customer operations. With the majority of Focusens' global clients in North America and Europe observing year-end holidays, the timing ensured seamless continuity of service while allowing the internal team to conduct thorough inventory verification. "This decision reflects our core principle of putting customer needs first," explained a Focusens warehouse supervisor. "By conducting the audit when our clients are offline, we maintained our commitment to uninterrupted service delivery while preparing our systems for future growth." Team Dedication: 30+ Employees Drive Operational Excellence More than 30 team members from multiple departments participated in the two-day inventory count, demonstrating exceptional dedication by volunteering their weekend time. The cross-functional collaboration ensured comprehensive accuracy in cataloging thousands of sensor components, including NTC thermistors, PTC thermistors, RTD sensors, and digital temperature sensors across the company's production facility in Hefei's High-Tech Zone. The intensive audit covered Focusens' complete product line: Temperature sensing components (NTC, PTC, RTD sensors ranging from -200°C to 850°C) Humidity transmitters and monitoring systems Level sensors and proximity switches Cable harnesses and wire assemblies for automotive and industrial applications To support the team's commitment, Focusens management provided refreshments, catered lunch, warm beverages, and appreciation gifts, fostering a collaborative atmosphere that transformed the demanding task into a shared mission of operational excellence. Digital Transformation: Foundation for New Management System The 2025 inventory data will serve as the baseline for Focusens' new digitalized manufacturing and warehouse management system, scheduled to launch January 1, 2026. This technology upgrade represents a significant investment in operational modernization, designed to enhance: Real-time inventory visibility across all product categories Enhanced traceability for quality control and regulatory compliance Improved supply chain responsiveness for faster customer delivery Data-driven decision making for production planning and resource allocation "Inventory is not just about counting items; it's about building the data foundation for smarter operations,...

Happy New Year 2026 | Focusensing 2025 Achievements & Outlook body {font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; color: #222; max-width: 950px; margin: auto; padding: 24px;} h1, h2, h3 {color: #0a3c6e;} .lead {background: #f4f8fc; border-left: 4px solid #0a5fae; padding: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px;} .section {margin-bottom: 30px;} .chart-placeholder {background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed #c0cbd3; padding: 32px; text-align: center; margin: 24px 0; color: #666;} ul {margin-left: 20px;} Warm New Year wishes from Focusensing – reflecting on key 2025 milestones and sharing our outlook for 2026 in sensor innovation and industry growth. Warm Wishes and Reflection As we step into 2026, everyone at Focusensing extends sincere New Year greetings to our customers, partners, and collaborators worldwide. Your continued trust and collaboration have helped drive our achievements through 2025, and we look forward to even stronger cooperation and innovation in the year ahead. 2025 Achievements: Product Innovation and Reach In 2025, Focusensing continued to expand its portfolio and global presence with advancements in temperature sensing technology across several key product categories: Broad Temperature Sensor Portfolio Thermistors (NTC/PTC/LPTC/PPTC): High-precision components for thermal measurement and control RTD Sensors: Platinum-based RTD solutions for industrial accuracy and stability. Thermocouples & Digital Sensors: Solutions suited for harsh and high-temperature environments. Temperature & Humidity Transmitters: Integrated environmental monitoring modules. Level/Position Sensors: Reed-switch based solutions with temperature integration. Our products serve five major industry lines including household appliances, automotive (including EV and BMS), medical, IoT, and industrial automation. Global Engagements and Export Growth Focusensing participated in multiple international sensor and automation exhibitions in 2025, strengthening relationships with global partners and expanding our distribution network to over 60 countries. Quality and Manufacturing Excellence Focusensing’s manufacturing adheres to ISO 9001:2015 quality standards and comprehensive 6S on-site management. All products comply with ROHS and REACH directives for reliable performance in diverse applications. Industry Trends in 2025: Market Growth & Data Market Growth of Temperature Sensors The temperature sensors industry continues to grow rapidly. In 2025, the overall temperature sensor market is forecast to reach approximately USD 11.21 billion, with projections rising to over USD 20.96 billion by 2034 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of ~7.2 %. This reflects strong demand across automation, energy, automotive and IoT sectors. Chart A: Global Temperature Sensor Market Size & Forecast (2025–2034) Growth of Thermistor and RTD Segments The thermistor temperature sensor market (which includes NTC and PTC devices) is projected to grow with notable CAGR through 203...

Real Data: Comparing ±0.3 °C vs ±1.0 °C Sensors in Energy-Intensive Buildings 1. Temperature Accuracy: The Invisible Backbone of Indoor Comfort Central air conditioning in homes and businesses offers comfort that goes beyond just temperature. This sentence discusses how consistently and accurately someone keeps the environment. The human body can sense temperature changes as small as 0.3 °C. This is especially true in places like offices, hotels, and luxury homes. When a thermostat or sensor is off by 1.0 °C, the system overreacts — this causes uncomfortable temperature changes, wastes energy, and leaves people unhappy. That's why the difference between a ±1.0 °C sensor and a ±0.3 °C sensor is important — crucial for any serious HVAC or Smart HVAC system. 2. Homogenized HVAC Market Needs Real Differentiation Today, many HVAC systems offer similar core features — heating, cooling, and basic automation. In a crowded and similar industry, what makes a system stand out is what it senses — including the accuracy of the TemperatureSensor. High-precision sensors, often underestimated, directly impact system responsiveness, energy usage, and long-term performance. The following real-world examples highlight the performance gap. Real-World Case Studies: Performance Gains from Precision Sensors Case Scenario What Changed After Upgrading to ±0.3 °C Sensors Residential Villa – Vancouver, Canada High-end villa installation 31% reduction in climate-related complaints; lower system cycling frequency; homeowner comfort rated 4.7/5 Hospital HVAC Retrofit – Seoul, South Korea Operating rooms / medical-grade HVAC Achieved ±0.2 °C environment stability; HVAC fluctuations reduced by 42%; better compliance with medical-grade standards Office Complex – Munich, Germany Commercial office HVAC ±1.0 °C → ±0.3 °C: 9.5% annual energy savings (~€18,000); improved employee productivity; HVAC downtime reduced by 17% 5-Star Hotel Chain – Singapore Guest rooms & hospitality HVAC Improved “room climate” review scores; lower chiller workload during peak months; ~US $11,000 annual savings per property Industry reports show that a misreading of just 0.5 °C can cause energy overuse — up to 8% — in energy-intensive zones like commercial kitchens and data centers. Precision — not just features — underlies real energy efficiency and comfort. 3. Five Smart Ways to Build HVAC Differentiation in a Saturated Market Use high-accuracy sensors (±0.3 °C or better) — reduces energy waste while improving occupant comfort. Integrate with IoT & BMS platforms — real-time sensor feedback enables predictive control and smarter climate regulation. Zone-based temperature mapping — personalized comfort per room or zone enhances occupant satisfaction and efficiency. Pair temperature sensors with smart humidity sensors — prevents mold, discomfort, and reduces maintenance costs. Focus on retrofit-friendly and scalable design — systems compatible with existing infrastructure are easier to deploy ...

What Are RTD Sensors and Why Wire Configuration Matters Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are sensors that measure temperature by correlating the resistance of a sensing element with temperature. When selecting an RTD sensor, the wiring configuration — 2 wire RTD, 3 wire RTD, or 4 wire RTD — is critical. The way each configuration handles lead-wire resistance can drastically affect measurement accuracy. 2-Wire RTD Configuration How the 2-Wire RTD Works This is the simplest wiring configuration. Two wires connect the RTD element to the measuring device, which reads the total resistance of the circuit. Diagram (2 wire RTD PT100 / PT1000): shows lead wire resistance adding to the sensor resistance and the basic temperature measurement principle. Limitations The lead-wire resistance adds to the sensor’s resistance — causing a higher than accurate temperature reading. The longer the wires, the larger the error. Therefore, 2 wire RTD is only suitable for applications with very short lead wires and where high precision is not required. 3-Wire RTD Configuration (Most Common Industrial Option) Why 3-Wire Is Popular The 3 wire RTD configuration is the most widely used RTD wiring method in industrial settings. It offers a good balance between cost and measurement accuracy. Diagram (3 wire RTD PT100 / PT1000): shows how equal lead-wire resistances are presumed and canceled out to improve measurement accuracy. Compensation Principle The 3-wire method uses a third wire to measure the resistance of a single lead wire and then compensate accordingly. The measuring device sends a current through a loop consisting of the RTD element and two wires — measuring total loop resistance. Using the third wire, it measures the resistance of one lead. By subtracting twice that single-wire resistance from the total loop resistance, the lead-wire error can be effectively canceled out. 4-Wire RTD Configuration (Highest Accuracy) Why 4-Wire Provides Peak Precision For the highest measurement accuracy, a 4 wire RTD configuration is the optimal choice. It effectively eliminates the influence of lead-wire resistance on temperature readings. Diagram (4 wire RTD PT100 / PT1000, Kelvin connection): shows highest-precision temperature measurement with lead-wire resistance eliminated. Compensation Principle The 4-wire wiring employs a four-terminal (Kelvin) measurement method. One pair of wires supplies a constant, precise current to the RTD element. The other pair connects directly across the element to measure the voltage drop. Since the voltmeter input has very high internal impedance, virtually no current flows through the voltage-sensing leads—and thus their resistance has negligible effect. Using Ohm’s Law (R = V / I), the device calculates the RTD’s true resistance accurately — regardless of lead-wire length or condition. Which RTD Wiring Method Should You Choose? Scenario / Accuracy Requirement Recommended RTD Configuration Non-critical use, low precision requirement 2-Wi...

Choosing the right probe temperature sensor is about more than just accuracy and range. The type of output signal is also important. It affects your whole system design. As a maker of many types of sensors, we understand the importance of knowing the signal type. We offer classic NTC thermistors, RTDs (PT100/PT1000), and modern sensors like DS18B20 and TMP117. Understanding the signal type is the first step to success. Analog vs Digital Temperature Sensors: What's the Difference? The Analog Approach: The Raw Signal Analog sensors are the "classic" solution. They provide a continuous signal — typically a change in resistance or voltage — that is proportional to the temperature. Resistive Sensors: This group includes our NTC thermistors and RTDs (PT100/PT1000). As temperature changes, their electrical resistance changes in a predictable way. Voltage Sensors: Devices like thermocouples and the LM35 sensor fall here. They output a small, continuous voltage (e.g., 10mV per °C for the LM35) that corresponds to the temperature. This raw signal is vulnerable to electrical noise and requires external circuitry. Your microcontroller cannot directly measure resistance. You need to create a conditioning circuit, like a voltage divider or amplifier. Then, use an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) to change the signal into a value your system can understand. Best for: Cost-sensitive designs, high-resolution analog systems, and applications where you fully control the signal conditioning. The Digital Approach: The Smart Sensor Digital sensors are "smart" devices. They are integrated circuits (ICs). These ICs have an analog sensor, signal conditioning, an ADC, and digital communication logic all in one small package. DS18B20 (using the 1-Wire protocol) and TMP117 (two-wire, SMBus, and I2C interface-compatible) are prime examples. When you "talk" to these sensors using their digital protocol, they don't send you a raw, noisy voltage. They send you a fully processed, calibrated, and precise temperature reading in binary. The benefits are huge: Noise Immunity: The digital signal is highly resistant to electrical noise, even over long wires. Ease of Use:No intricate wiring or adjustments required.. Just connect it to the digital pins of your microcontroller.. Scalability: You can often put multiple digital sensors on the same communication bus. Best for: Applications requiring high accuracy with minimal design effort, noisy electrical environments, and systems using microcontrollers. Which Sensor Output Is Right for You? The choice is simple: Do you need a basic, flexible part for a custom analog design (NTC/RTD)? Or do you want a smart, noise-resistant sensor that provides a direct temperature reading (DS18B20/TMP117)? Whatever your application, we Focusens manufacture high-quality sensors you need to get the job done. Sensor Type Output Type Signal / Interface Typical Accuracy External Circuitry Needed? Key Feature / Best For NTC Thermistor Analog (Resistive) Resis...